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View pubmed citation view isi citation related articles publication history issue online: 28 jun 2007 received 1 june 1993; revision 30 august 1993; accepted 1 september 199 home list of issues table of contents article abstract clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology volume 20 issue 12 page 753-762, december 1993 to cite this article: leonard bell, leslie quandt, kathleen o'hagan, scott mittelstadt, philip clifford 1993 ; respiratory alterations with intrapericardial procaine in the conscious rabbit clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology 20 12 ; , 753– 762 doi: 1 1111 j 40-168 199 tb0301 x prev article next article abstract respiratory alterations with intrapericardial procaine in the conscious rabbit leonard bell 1 departments of anesthesiology and physiology, medical college of wisconsin and veterans administration medical center, milwaukee, wisconsin, usa , leslie quandt 1 departments of anesthesiology and physiology, medical college of wisconsin and veterans administration medical center, milwaukee, wisconsin, usa , kathleen o'hagan 1 departments of anesthesiology and physiology, medical college of wisconsin and veterans administration medical center, milwaukee, wisconsin, usa , scott mittelstadt 1 departments of anesthesiology and physiology, medical college of wisconsin and veterans administration medical center, milwaukee, wisconsin, usa and philip clifford 1 departments of anesthesiology and physiology, medical college of wisconsin and veterans administration medical center, milwaukee, wisconsin, usa 1 departments of anesthesiology and physiology, medical college of wisconsin and veterans administration medical center, milwaukee, wisconsin, usa correspondence: dr leonard bell, research service- 151 , va medical center, 5000 national ave, milwaukee, wi 5329 usa summary intrapericardial procaine, used to produce cardiac nerve blockade in both conscious and anaesthetized animals, has been reported to also produce changes in respiration.
Table 3. LCSS results: change from LCSS baseline measurement VG No. of patients Patient Baseline Week 3 Week 6 Week 9 Week 12 Observer Baseline Week 3 Week 6 Week 9 Week 12.
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And the ratio between nephrons draining individually or through an arcade into a CCD vary among and within species 35, 103 ; . The arcades ascend within the cortical labyrinth, proximate to the cortical radial vessels, before they open into a CCD within the medullary rays 35, 57 ; . The number of nephrons drained by each CCD averages 11 in the human kidney 98 ; , 6 in rabbits 58 ; and rats 69 ; , and 5 in mice 71 ; . The present conventionally used subdivision of the distal convolution into the so-called "distal convoluted tubule" DCT ; and the "connecting tubule" CNT; including arcades ; is based on more or less quite obvious structural differences along the distal convolution. They were initially observed by Schweigger-Seidel in 1865 118 ; and disclosed in microdissected preparations of kidneys from rabbits, humans, mice, sheep, cats, pigs, cattle, and dolphins in astounding detail by Peter and Inouye in 1909 103 ; . Some 70 years later, Peter's light microscopic observations were confirmed by detailed electron microscopic studies in rabbits 58 ; and extended to rats 29 ; . In all species, the TAL epithelium changes at various distances downstream of the macula densa abruptly to the DCT, which is the initial segment of the distal convolution. In rabbits, the entire length of the DCT epithelium is composed by one cell type, the DCT cells. An exceedingly high density of mitochondria, encased in narrow palisade-like-arranged, interdigitated lateral cell processes, characterizes them. The DCT cells are abruptly replaced by the "CNT" cells, which by light and electron microscopy appear "lighter" and display among other irregularly arranged basolateral plasma membrane infoldings and fewer mitochondria than do DCT cells 58 ; . Intercalated cells do not show up before the transition to the CNT and continue all along the CNT and CCD 58 ; . In deep and intermediate nephrons, the change from the DCT to the CNT epithelium regularly occurs a few cells before fusion of two tubules; hence the arcades are entirely made up of CNT epithelium 58 ; . The transition from the CNT to the CCD is given by the abrupt substitution of CNT by CCD cells principal cells ; . Basolateral membrane infoldings in CCD cells are restricted to the most basal cell portion, and the few mitochondria are normally situated in the cytoplasm above the infoldings 58 ; . In rats and mice, the situation is different. On the basis of serial 1- m sections, Crayen and Thoenes 29 ; reconstructed the distal convolution of a superficial rat nephron, from its beginning shortly downstream of the macula densa to the first confluence with another tubule. They distinguished by light microscopy and ultrastructure a total of four cell types; types 13 correspond to DCT, CNT, and CCD principal ; cells and type 4 to intercalated cells. Type 1 DCT ; cells exclusively comprised the first part of the tubular portion. In the direction of the flow, these cells became intermingled with intercalated cells. Then, type 2 cells progressively replaced type 1 cells, and type 3 cells progressively replaced type 2 cells. Furthermore, cell height, basolateral cell membranes, and mitochondrial density of cell types 13 gradually decreased in flow direction and procarbazine.
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Case reports of 59 horses reacting adversely to benzylpenicillin in Sweden in 20032005 were obtained through contacts with horse-owners. For the assessment of the reports various parameters were evaluated such as the times to the reactions, information on previous penicillin treatment, the clinical signs and the actions taken in the reacting horses. Among the reports two horses had received sodium or potassium benzylpenicillin intravenously, whereas the remaining 57 horses had been treated with procaine benzylpenicillin intramuscularly. The dominance of reactions for procaine benzylpenicillin over the Na K salts of benzylpenicillin correlates with previous reports in the literature Marshall, 1980; Allpress & Heathcote, 1986; Nielsen et al., 1988; Tjlve, 1997 ; . Allergy may underlie the adverse reactions in the horses given sodium and potassium benzylpenicillin and also in horses given procaine benzylpenicillin. However, in most horses in the latter group the clinical signs may be due to toxic effects of procaine. In these horses the dominating clinical signs were locomotor and behavioural changes. Some horses showing reactions for procaine benzylpenicillin received continued treatment with the same drug or with a Na K benzylpenicillin salt without problems. It appears that penicillin allergy can be excluded in these cases. Some risk factors may enhance the probability that horses react to procaine. Horses are more sensitive to procaine than humans Tobin et al. 1977 ; . This implies that some horses may be highly responsive to elevated plasma concentrations of procaine. Procaine benzylpenicillin was previously used to a considerable extent in human medicine. Acute adverse reactions were described in connection with such treatments Hoigns syndrome ; . The patients suddenly expressed extreme fear and had hallucinations and muscle tremor, but there were no blood pressure decrease or circulatory collapse. The symptoms appeared during or immediately following the administration of procaine benzylpenicillin and are probably caused by inadvertent intravascular penetration from the muscular injection site Bjrnberg & Selstam, 1960; Downham et al., 1978; Schreiber & Krieg, 2001 ; . Following systemic administration procaine is a relatively specific stimulant of the limbic system, which in man can result in a range of emotional and somatic symptoms similar to those observed in Hoigns syndrome ServanSchreiber et al. 1998 ; . It is known that the limbic system is susceptible to neuronal sensitization, implying that there is a gradually increasing response after repetitive stimulation over time of sub threshold stimuli, which initially are without effects kindling ; Adinoff et al. 2001 ; . It has been proposed that a kindling mechanism, related to repeated injections of procaine benzylpenicillin, may increase the risk for Hoigns syndrome Araszkiewicz & Rybakowski, 1996 1997 ; . It is possible that a.
Table III. Clinical proles of non-oocyte donation fresh embryo transfer pregnancies [values are mean T SEM ; ] Pregnancy groupa Group A Group B Group C A versus Bc and procrit.
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Stage HF and persistently severe symptoms. Level of Evidence: C ; 2. The effectiveness of mitral valve repair or replacement is not established for severe secondary mitral regurgitation in refractory end-stage HF. Level of Evidence: C ; 3. Continuous intravenous infusion of a positive inotropic agent may be considered for palliation of symptoms in patients with refractory end-stage HF. Level of Evidence: C ; Class III 1. Partial left ventriculectomy is not recommended in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy and refractory end-stage HF. Level of Evidence: C ; 2. Routine intermittent infusions of positive inotropic agents are not recommended for patients with refractory end-stage HF. Level of Evidence: B ; Most patients with HF due to reduced LVEF respond favorably to pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments and enjoy a good quality of life and enhanced survival; however, some patients do not improve or experience rapid recurrence of symptoms despite optimal medical therapy. Such patients characteristically have symptoms at rest or on minimal exertion, including profound fatigue; cannot perform most activities of daily living; frequently have evidence of cardiac cachexia; and typically require repeated and or prolonged hospitalizations for intensive management. These individuals represent the most advanced stage of HF and should be considered for specialized treatment strategies, such as mechanical circulatory support, continuous intravenous positive inotropic therapy, referral for cardiac transplantation, or hospice care. Before a patient is considered to have refractory HF, physicians should confirm the accuracy of the diagnosis, identify any contributing conditions, and ensure that all conventional medical strategies have been optimally employed. Measures listed as Class I recommendations for patients in stages A, B, and C are also appropriate for patients in end-stage HF also see Section 5 ; . When no further therapies are appropriate, careful discussion of the prognosis and options for end-oflife care should be initiated see Section 7.
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Keywords: HMG-Co reductase inhibitors 1. Chong PH. Lack of therapeutic interchangeability of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Ann Pharmacother 2002; 36: 1907-17.
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Where they all start is with an abandonment of this normality, precisely the abondonment within which Thelma and Louise died. The jokes, musings, and fantasies I have often heard suggesting a sequel to Thelma and Louise are answered in this way by Leaving Normal and Boys on the Side. These are the characters of Thelma and Louise, had they lived to make sequels at least in their relationship to normative heterosexuality as discussed in this essay ; . Where the characters start is with an uncertain, not-quitenormalized subjectivity--they are not quite sure how they fit into a Symbolic Order, but they know it is not in the fantastic position postulated by the deviance films. Where the characters end is with a full normalization, but with a normalization into a primarily femaleidentified, and not mostly sexually defined, utopian subjective position. The moral of these films, read in the context I give, seems to be that once transgressed, there is no same heterosexual normality to go back to; and hence the filmic ; possibility of transgression is forclosed once again at least vis. one particular normativity.
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In charge arising from differences in the number of terminal sialylated and or sulfated oligosaccharides 18 ; . The isoforms can be separated by electrophoresis; after this, they appear in a close to normal distribution with respect to charge 16, 17, 19 ; . As the number of isoforms of each hormone in serum is very large at least 20-301, we have chosen to express charge as the median electrophoretic mobility of all isoforms present in the serum sample 17 ; . It has been shown that the median charge of both FSH and LH is different in men and women, varies during the menstrual cycle, and changes at menopause 16, 20, 21 ; . Estrogens administered to men and women induce the secretion of less negatively charged isoforms of FSH and LH 19, 20, 22, ; . It is not clear if this is a direct or an indirect effect of the estrogen at the pituitary. A direct effect of estrogen on the glycosyltransferases in the pituitary was recently suggested by Dharmesh and Baenziger 24 ; . GnRH has also been shown to affect the charge of gonadotropin isoforms 1, 2, 25-27 ; . A challenge with exogenous GnRH in children, which elicits a rapid increase in the serum levels of both FSH and LH, induces a change in median charge to more basic isoforms of both FSH and LH in serum 1, 2 ; . In the present study it is shown that more basic isoforms of both FSH and LH appeared in the serum in children during chronic treatment with GnRH agonists. The serum levels of the gonadotropins were in these cases decreased or unchanged compared with the levels before treatment. GnRH agonists are given to prevent undesirable early pubertal development, and serum gonadal steroids should be reduced to very low levels during GnRH therapy in these children. It seems most likely that the effect of the GnRH agonists is a direct effect at the pituitary level leading to the synthesis and or selective release of less sialylated and sulfated isoforms of the gonadotropins. The changes in charge to more basic isoforms of FSH and LH in serum were highly significant for both buserelin P and procaine.
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Chemotherapy and radiation-induced intestinal injury 6 ; , and fibroblast growth factor 2, transforming growth factor , cytokines, interleukin 11, and interleukin 15 reduce intestinal apoptosis in vivo 710 ; . GLP-23 is an intestinotrophic peptide secreted by enteroendocrine cells in response to intestinal injury 1113 ; . Exogenous administration of GLP-2 is trophic to the small and large intestinal epithelium in part via stimulation of crypt cell proliferation 14 ; . Administration of GLP-2 to rodents with indomethacin-induced intestinal injury improves survival and reduces epithelial damage in part via inhibition of apoptosis in the crypt compartment 15 ; . The antiapoptotic actions of GLP-2 prompted us to examine whether GLP-2 might ameliorate the extent of intestinal injury arising from chemotherapy administration in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS and protopic.
Syntax Description Parameters OI API OI GetAxisEncoderEnabled int AxisID, LPBOOL lpbEnabled, LPBOOL lpbAutoCorrect ; Retrieves the status of the encoder counter enabling. AxisID lpbEnabled lpbAutoCorrect Return Value OI OK if successful. If unsuccessful, a combination of error codes may be returned to indicate the reason for failure. Comments If encoders are fitted, their use by the OASIS controller may be enabled or disabled via software. The OI GetAxisEncoderEnabled and OI SetAxisEncoderEnabled functions deal with these settings. OI SetAxisEncoderEnabled, OI GetAxisEncoderFitted, OI GetAxisEncoderStepSize, OI SetEncoderEnabledXY, OI GetEncoderEnabledXY, OI SetEncoderEnabledZ, OI GetEncoderEnabledZ The desired axis see the introduction of this section for the appropriate constants ; . Returns whether the encoder counter is enabled. Returns whether moves are automatically corrected to the nearest encoder position
Fainting is common in humans because the brain resides far above the source of its blood supply the heart ; . Any abrupt drop in blood pressure can lead to a faint. Fortunately, the cause is often innocent, and recurrence is infrequent. However, a faint may warn of serious underlying heart disease. In many patients, the physician can distinguish between innocent and serious situations by taking a detailed medical history, carefully reviewing the circumstances of the faint s ; , examining the fainter, and perhaps obtaining a heart tracing ECG ; and or a painless heart imaging test echocardiogram ; . On occasion, additional medical tests are needed. Overall, in 80% to 90% of fainters, a likely cause can be established and effective treatment initiated and protriptyline.
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Encephalopathy HE ; but lack of quantitative data about how the individual organs handle ammonia limit our ability to develop novel therapeutic strategies. The study aims were to evaluate interorgan ammonia metabolism quantitatively in a devascularised pig model of acute liver failure ALF and provigil.
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