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Someone once said that in a bigger space you have bigger ideas? Well it has been confirmed that we have now exchanged contracts on our new building - a space twice the size! It just begs the question what we will be capable of with all this extra room! So please don't forget; our key focus is service and ladies and gentleman, thank you for your continued efforts. We deserve our success.
Ated by alternative splicing. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 958965. 25. Kobe, B., and J. Deisenhofer. 1994. The leucine-rich repeat: a versatile binding motif. TIBS. 19: 415421. 26. Kokenyesi, R., and M. Bernfield. 1994. Core protein structure and sequence determine the site and presence of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate on syndecan-1. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 1230412309. 27. Kozak, M. 1989. The scanning model for translation: an update. J. Cell Biol. 108: 229241. 28. Kresse, H., H. Hausser, and E. Schnherr. 1994. Small proteoglycans. In Proteoglycans. P. Jolls, editor. Birkhuser Verlag. 73100. 29. Lupas, A., M. Van Dyke, and J. Stock. 1991. Predicting coiled coils from protein sequences. Science Wash. DC ; . 252: 11621164. 30. Mali, M., P. Jaakkola, A.M. Arvilommi, and M. Jalkanen. 1990. Sequence of human syndecan indicates a novel gene family of integral membrane proteoglycans. J. Biol. Chem. 265: 68846889. 31. McCarthy, K.J., and J.R. Couchman. 1990. Basement membrane chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans: localization in adult rat tissues. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 38: 14791486. 32. McCarthy, K.J., M.A. Accavitti, and J.R. Couchman. 1989. Immunological characterization of a basement membrane-specific chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. J. Cell Biol. 109: 31873198. 33. McCarthy, K.J., K. Bynum, P.L. St. John, D.R. Abrahamson, and J.R. Couchman. 1993. Basement membrane proteoglycans in glomerular morphogenesis: chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan is temporally and spatially restricted during development. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 41: 401414. 34. McCarthy, K.J., D.R. Abrahamson, K. Bynum, P.L. St. John, and J.R. Couchman. 1994. Basement membrane specific chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan is abnormally associated with the glomerular capillary basement membrane in diabetic rats. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 42: 473484. 35. Miner, J.H., R.M. Lewis, and J.R. Sanes. 1995. Molecular cloning of a novel laminin chain, 5, and widespread expression in adult mouse tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 2852328526. 36. Noonan, D.M., and J.R. Hassell. 1993. Perlecan, the large low-density proteoglycans of basement membranes: structure and variant forms. Kidney Int. 43: 5360. 37. Noonan, D.M., and J.R. Hassell. 1993. Proteoglycans of basement membranes. In Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Basement Membranes. D.H. Rohrbach and R. Timpl, editors. Academic Press, San Diego. 189210. 38. Noonan, D.M., A. Fulle, P. Valente, S. Cai, E. Horigan, M. Sasaki, Y. Yamada, and J.R. Hassell. 1991. The complete sequence of perlecan, a basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan, reveals extensive similarity with laminin A chain, LDL-receptor and N-CAM. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 2293922947. 39. Oguro, K., T. Kazama, M. Isemura, T. Nakamura, S. Akai, and Y. Sato. 1991. Immunohistochemical alterations in basement membrane components of squamous cell carcinoma. J. Invest. Dermatol. 96: 250254. 40. Peterson, C.L. 1994. The SMC family: novel motor proteins for chromosome condensation? Cell. 79: 389392. 41. Rauch, U., L. Karthikeyan, P. Maurel, R.U. Margolis, and R.K. Margolis. 1992. Cloning and primary structure of neurocan, a developmentally regulated, aggregating chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan of brain. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 1953619547. 42. Rocques, P.J., J. Clar, S. Ball, J. Crew, S. Gill, Z. Christodoulou, R.H. Borts, E.J. Louis, K.E. Davies, and C.S. Cooper. 1995. The human SB1.8 gene DXS423E ; encodes a putative chromosome segregation protein conserved in lower eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Human Mol. Genet. 4: 243249. 43. Saitoh, N., I.G. Goldberg, E.R. Wood, and W.C. Earnshaw. 1994. ScII: an abundant chromosome scaffold protein is a member of a family of putative ATPases with an unusual predicted tertiary structure. J. Cell Biol. 127: 303318. 44. Saka, Y., T. Sutani, Y. Yamashita, S. Saitoh, M. Takeuchi, Y. Nakaseko, and M. Yanagida. 1994. Fission yeast cut3 and cut14, members of a ubiquitous protein family, are required for chromosome condensation and segregation in mitosis. EMBO Eur. Mol. Biol. Organ. ; J. 13: 49384952. 45. Sannes, P.L., K.K. Burch, J. Khosla, K.J. McCarthy, and J.R. Couchman. 1993. Immunohistochemical localization of chondroitin sulfate, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, entactin and laminin in basement membranes of postnatal developing and adult rat lungs. Am. J. Resp. Cell Mol. Biol. 8: 245251. 46. Saunders, S., and M. Bernfield. 1988. Cell surface proteoglycan binds mouse mammary epithelial cells to fibronectin and behaves as a receptor for interstitial matrix. J. Cell Biol. 106: 423430. 47. Strunnikov, A.V., V.L. Larionov, and D. Koshland. 1993. SMC1: an essential yeast gene encoding a putative head-rod-rail protein is required for nuclear division and defines a new ubiquitous family. J. Cell Biol. 123: 16351648. 48. Strunnikov, A.V., E. Hogan, and D. Koshland. 1995. SMC2, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene essential for chromosome segregation and condensation, defines a subgroup within the SMC family. Genes & Dev. 9: 587599. 49. Timpl, R., and J.C. Brown. 1996. Supramolecular assembly of basement membranes. Bioessays 18: 123132. 50. Tolsma, S.S., O.V. Volpert, D.J. Good, W.A. Frazier, P.J. Polverini, and N. Bouck. 1993. Peptides derived from two separate domains of the matrix protein thrombospondin-1 have anti-angiogenic activity. J. Cell Biol. 122.
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This intervention study followed a double-blind, randomized, cross-over design. Volunteers included healthy persons with no medical conditions that would be affected by vitamin supplementation or blood specimen collection. Pregnant or nursing mothers and persons undergoing cancer treatment or treatment for other medical conditions that might have affected participation in the study were also excluded. All participants were nonsmokers and were not taking any vitamin supplements for a minimum of 6 weeks before the start of the study. Most participants were employees of the Cancer Research Center of Hawaii. This study was approved by the Committee on Human Subjects at the University of Hawaii and the Clinical Protocol Review Committee at the Cancer Research Center of Hawaii. Twenty-two healthy volunteers I 6 women and 6 men ; agreed to participate and signed informed consent. At entry. volunteers were randomized evenly into two groups. The first group group 1 ; took 15 mg of 3-carotene and 400 lU of a-tocopherol twice daily with breakfast and dinner ; for a.
Plasma hormone and substrate concentrations. Maximum GH concentrations in response to GH injection were analyzed to determine if similar GH peaks were achieved in both groups as the lipolytic response to a GH pulse is dose dependent ; . In addition, GH AUCs using the linear trapezoidal rule and 0 mU liter as baseline ; were calculated from t 66 to 420 min to estimate total exposure to GH. Glycerol, FFA, glucose, and insulin were analyzed by calculating areas under the effect curves AUECs ; from t 20 to 420. Subsequently, both AUCs and AUECs were divided by the corresponding time-span to obtain weighted average responses. Average pre-values for these values were calculated from t 66 to min. Absolute and percentage changes from these pre-values were calculated. To allow correction for differences in catecholamine exposure, urinary catecholamines released per micromole of creatinine to correct for urine concentration ; were determined in both groups from urine collected throughout the occasion. IGF-I was analyzed by comparing basal values with values obtained 6 h after GH or placebo administration. Lipolysis. Glycerol concentration and enrichment data were used to calculate glycerol kinetics. Steele's equation for nonsteady-state conditions adjusted for stable isotopes was used 17 ; , as the isotopic steadystate was disrupted by the rhGH bolus injection. The effective volume of distribution of glycerol was assumed to be 14 liters in all subjects 18 ; . In case of glycerol, it is not necessary to compensate for nonuniform mixing 18 ; . Therefore, the correction factor p of the nonsteady-state.
Mol. Biol. 15: 184196. 14. Weinacker, A., R. Ferrando, M. Elliott, J. Hogg, J. Balmes, and D. Sheppard. 1995. Distribution of integrins v 6 and 9 1 and their known ligands, fibronectin and tenascin, in human airways. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 12: 547557. 15. Wang, A., Y. Yokosaki, R. Ferrando, J. Balmes, and D. Sheppard. 1996. Differential regulation of airway epithelial integrins by growth factors. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 15: 664672. 16. Gailit, J., D. Colflesh, I. Rabiner, J. Simone, and M. S. Goligorsky. 1993. Redistribution and dysfunction of integrins in cultured renal epithelial cells exposed to oxidative stress. Am. J. Physiol. 264: F149F157. 17. Pilewski, J. M., J. D. Latoche, S. M. Arcasoy, and S. M. Albelda. 1997. Expression of integrin cell adhesion receptors during human airway epithelial repair in vivo. Am. J. Physiol. 273: L256L263. 18. Cavani, A., G. Zambruno, A. Marconi, V. Manca, M. Marchetti, and A. Giannetti. 1993. Distinctive integrin expression in the newly forming epidermis during wound healing in humans. J. Invest. Dermatol. 101: 600604. 19. Juhasz, I., G. F. Murphy, H. C. Yan, M. Herlyn, and S. M. Albelda. 1993. Regulation of extracellular matrix proteins and integrin cell substratum adhesion receptors on epithelium during cutaneous human wound healing in vivo. Am. J. Pathol. 143: 14581469. 20. Larjava, H., T. Salo, K. Haapasalmi, R. H. Kramer, and J. Heino. 1993. Expression of integrins and basement membrane components by wound keratinocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 92: 14251435. 21. Beck, N. B., J. Q. Koenig, D. L. Luchtel, L. C. Altman, M. T. Orsborn, and J. S. Kenny. 1994. Ozone can increase the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and the synthesis of cytokines by human nasal epithelial cells. Inhalat. Toxicol. 6: 345357. 22. Dumler, K., Q. S. Hanley, C. Baker, D. L. Luchtel, L. C. Altman, and J. Q. Koenig. 1994. The effects of ozone exposure on lactate dehydrogenase release from human and primate respiratory epithelial cells. Toxicol. Lett. 70: 203209. 23. Sheppard, D., D. S. Cohen, A. Wang, and M. Busk. 1992. Transforming growth factor beta differentially regulates expression of integrin subunits in guinea pig airway epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 1740917414. 24. Chomczynski, P., and N. Sacchi. 1987. Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. Anal. Biochem. 162: 156159. 25. Heino, J., R. A. Ignotz, M. E. Hemler, C. Crouse, and J. Massagu'e. 1989. Regulation of cell adhesion receptors by transforming growth factor-beta. Concomitant regulation of integrins that share a common beta 1 subunit. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 380388. 26. Janat, M. F., W. S. Argraves, and G. Liau. 1992. Regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell integrin expression by transforming growth factor beta 1 and by platelet-derived growth factor-BB. J. Cell Physiol. 151: 588595. 27. Roberts, C. J., T. M. Birkenmeier, J. J. McQuillan, S. K. Akiyama, S. S. Yamada, W. T. Chen, K. M. Yamada, and J. A. McDonald. 1988. Transforming growth factor beta stimulates the expression of fibronectin and both subunits of the human fibronectin receptor by cultured human lung fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 45864592. 28. Argraves, W. S., S. Suzuki, H. Arai, K. Thompson, M. D. Pirschbacher, and E. Ruoslahti. 1987. Amino acid sequence of the human fibronectin receptor. J. Cell Biol. 105: 11831190. 29. Schonherr, E., H. T. Jarvelainen, L. J. Sandell, and T. N. Wight. 1991. Effects of platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factorbeta 1 on the synthesis of a large versican-like chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan by arterial smooth muscle cells. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 1764017647. 30. Laemmli, U. K. 1970. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227: 680685.
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FIG. 5. Stereo view of comparison of hyaloronan hexasaccharide binding with S. pneumoniae hyaluronate lyase green ; 15, 22 ; and binding of dermatan sulfate tetrasaccharide to F. heparinum chondroitin AC lyase cyan ; 15, 22 ; . Binding occurs in subsites 2 to 2, left to right in the orientation shown. The N-acetyl-D-glucosamine hyaluronan unit in subsite 2 of the hexasaccharide is not shown. Instead, a superposed 4-sulfated N-acetyl-D-galactosamine chondroitin unit is pictured purple ; . Residues are numbered as in S. pneumoniae HL except for nonconserved CL residues, which are numbered in italic type. The potential catalytic residues Asn349, His399, Tyr408, and Arg462 S. pneumoniae HL numbering ; superimpose very well and are shown for HL alone. They are distinguished by gray bonds and ball-and-stick representation and chooz.
Mark, M.P, Baker, J.R. Kimata, K and Roth, J.-V. 1990 ; Regulated changes in chondroitin sulfation durining embryogenesis: an immunohistochemical approach. Int. J. Dev. Biol., 34, 191204. Merry, C.L., Lyon, M., Deakin, J.A., Hopwood, J.J. and Gallagher, J.T. 1999 ; Highly sensitive sequencing of the sulfated domains of heparan sulfate. J. Biol. Chem., 274, 1845518462. Midura, R.J., Salustri, A., Calabro, A., Yanagishita, M. and Hascall, V.C. 1994 ; High-resolution separation of disaccharide and oligosaccharide-alditols from chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate and hyaluronan using Carbopac PA1 chromatography. Glycobiology, 4, 333342. Mourao, P.A.S., Pereira, M.S., Pavao, M.S.G., Mulloy, B., Tollefsen, D.M., Mowinckel, M.C. and Abildgaard, U. 1996 ; Structure and anticoagulant activity of a fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from echinoderm--sulfated fucose branches on the polysaccharide account for its high anticoagulant action. J. Biol. Chem., 271, 2397323984. Nadanaka, S. and Sugahara, K. 1997 ; The unusual tetrasaccharide sequence GlcA 13GalNAc 4-sulfate ; 14GlcA 2-sulfate ; 13GalNAc 6-sulfate ; found in the hexasaccharides prepared by testicular hyaluronidase digestion of shark cartilage chondroitin sulfate D. Glycobiology, 7, 253 263. Nadanaka, S., Clement, A., Masayama, K., Faissner, A. and Sugahara, K. 1998 ; Characteristic hexasaccharide sequences in octasaccharides derived from shark cartilage chondroitin sulfate D with a neurite outgrowth promoting activity. J. Biol. Chem., 273, 32963307. Nader, H.B., Ferreira, T.M.P.C., Paiva, J.F., Medeiros, M.G.L., Jeronimo, S.M.B., Paiva, V.M.P and Dietrich, C.P. 1984 ; Isolation and structural studies of heparan sulfates and chondroitin sulfates from three species of molluscs. J. Biol. Chem., 259, 14311435. Nagasawa, K., Inoue, Y. and Kamata T. 1977 ; Solvolytic desulfation of glycosaminoglycuronan sulfates with dimethyl sulfoxide containing water or methanol. Carbohydr. Res., 58, 4755. Oliveira, F.W., Chavante, S.F., Santos, E.A., Dietrich, C.P. and Nader, H.B. 1994 ; Appearance and fate of a -galactanase -galactosidases, heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate degrading enzymes during embryonic development of the mollusc Pomacea sp. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1200, 241246. Plaas, A.H.K., West, L.A., WongPalms, S. and Nelson, F.R.T. 1998 ; Glycosaminoglycan sulfation in human osteoarthritis. Disease-related alterations at the non-reducing termini of chondroitin and dermatan sulfate. J. Biol. Chem., 273, 1264212649. Plaas, A.H.K., WongPalms, S., Roughley, P.J., Midura, R.J. and Hascall, V.C. 1997 ; Chemical and immunological assay of the nonreducing terminal residues of chondroitin sulfate from human aggrecan. J. Biol. Chem., 272, 2060320610. Price, K.N., Tuinman, A., Baker, D.C., Chisena, C. and Cysyk, R.L. 1997 ; . Isolation and characterization by electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry.
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Risk losing touch with the grassroots problems and needs of the farming people we aim to serve. Yes, we apply technology to help solve people's problems, but we can't improve farm family incomes and increase food production without being people centered." Dr. Jamu's pragmatic philosophy and commitment to subsistence farmers guide his method of acquiring their grassroots knowledge and combining it with state-of-the-art research and analysis to formulate sustainable integrated aquaculture-agriculture systems. He recognizes the challenge of integrating these scientific innovations into the productive culture of subsistence farm villages, as there are no guarantees that farmers will adopt the technologies developed for them. "You learn a lot by linking science outputs to development impact on the ground, " he explains. "This makes it essential to get feedback from those on the ground, the farmers in their fields. Also, convincing policymakers to invest in science is an important undertaking. I find this challenge exciting." Inspired by his childhood experiences, Dr. Jamu strives to alleviate hunger in his native Malawi and other parts of the world. His decision to dedicate his life to research for development was, he believes, a response to a calling. Certainly, his attitude of idealism and hope sustains him as he strives to untangle the intertwining causes and effects of hunger and malnutrition, a goal made "even more difficult when politics come into play." Yet, when taking time out to enjoy his hobbies of reading and playing golf, Dr. Jamu's reflections usually conclude on a hopeful note. Just as the young Daniel never let his struggles with a hand hoe in the fields around his family village ruin his school holidays, so the committed scientist remains focused on the positive. "The more problems you encounter, the more opportunities you see, " he observes. "I have witnessed people moving out of poverty and hunger through our efforts. It takes time to see results, but they come and cilium.
Tomy. The morbidity and mortality of transurethral prostatectomy reported in these surveys are summarized in Table 1. The nature and severity of the complications following transurethral prostatectomy are not insignificant. Therefore, both risks 389 the decision to offer prostatectomy must reflect the potential associated benefits of intervention and with the procedure. Although the inherent nonsurgical.
It has beenreported more reported ; that chondroitin may be involved in the production of cartilage that is important for healthy joints and cinacalcet.
S.E. Tennis Association, provided the link between the youth of Southeast and youth that live in Northwest. For years the Northwest youth had access to better tennis facilities, thus producing better tennis players who used that opportunity to get university tennis scholarships. Today, some of the better tennis players are emerging from the Southeast program thanks to the diligent work of Dr. McKnight. "Dr. McKnight, who was the pioneer for youth tennis in S.E., will be missed, " said Lajaunie. "We worked closely over the years to promote tennis for the inner city youth." Elimination games took part in various parts of the city with the help of the D.C. Department of Parks and Recreation, and the draw was held at La Brassiere last week. Participants at the draw were treated to lunch and a proclamaFinalist Paul Webster receives his prizes from Philippe Lajaunie last Saturday. Monet Graves 12 ; won after playing for the first time in the final. Her sister Milan lost in the 2006 final so the family missed going to Miami.
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And intra-operative atrial septal defect correction. The patient tolerated the procedure well and was extubated the following day. DISCUSSIONS: In 1972, the Greenfield filter was introduced to replace the Mobin-Uddin umbrella that was associated with high venal caval occlusion rates and serious complications from migration. More recently, filter migration change in position 1 cm ; , either cranially or caudally, has been reported to occur in 5% of filters. A review of the literature revealed a total of 37 cases of intracardiac or intrapulmonary migration with the currently available filters. Sixteen were inadvertently deployed in the heart at the time of insertion, 14 migrated to the heart after IVC placement, and seven migrated to the PA. Twelve patients were asymptomatic, 15 presented with manifestations related to the IVC migration or misplacement, and in 9 cases there was no mention of symptomatology. Scurr et al reported one death in the but this was reportedly of causes not related to the intracardiac filter misplacement. Over the years a variety of techniques to remove or reposition filters have been employed. In 1977, Greenfield et al were the first to report the surgical removal of an IVC filter. Since then operative filter removal has been reported in 14 patients, 13 from the heart and one from the pulmonary artery. Our case represents only the second one we are aware of reporting attempted operative removal of an IVC filter from the PA. The indications for removal most commonly are cardiac cardiac arrhythmias, hypotension, valvular dysfunction and myocardial infarction ; followed by respiratory complications hypoxemia and dyspnea ; . The presence of large emboli embedded in the filter and obstructing the PA is also an important indication for removal. CONCLUSION: Migration of newer design filters is associated with less serious sequelae. This may support the adoption of a more conservative approach such as observation since about half of the patients with reported IVC filter migration do not have any clinical manifestations related to this phenomenon. In the event that filter removal is felt to be warranted, various percutanoeus techniques are available for use before surgical removal becomes necessary. REFERENCES: 1. Gelbfish GA, Ascer E. Intracardiac and intrapulmonary Greenfield filters: a long-term follow-up. J Vasc Surg 1991; 14: 614-617 Mobin-Uddin K. The inferior vena cava umbrella filter. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1975; 17: 391-399 DISCLOSURE: Wissam Abouzgheib, None. A RARE CASE OF INFOLDING OF A THORACIC STENTGRAFT FOLLOWING REPAIR OF TRAUMATIC THORACIC AORTIC TRANSECTION Muhammad T. Gill MD * Sobia Yaqub MD Edward Setser MD Silvestre Cansino MD Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV INTRODUCTION: Traumatic thoracic aortic transection is a catastrophic sequela of blunt chest injury. Standard treatment is open repair by left thoracotomy. Endovascular repair of the injured thoracic aorta with stent-graft has developed as a viable option. Few case reports of collapse of the stent-grafts have been reported. Rarely, infolding of the stent-graft can occur resulting in severe stenosis and obstruction to blood flow. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of a 24 year old white male who was involved in a motor vehicle accident. Computed tomographic angiography CTA ; of the chest revealed transection of the thoracic aorta at the level of left subclavian artery. He underwent endovascular repair with a stent-graft. A follow up CTA showed no contrast extravasation but infolding as well as collapse of the stent-graft. Patient underwent re-expansion of the stent-graft with balloon angioplasty and a non-covered stent. Partial infolding of the most proximal portion was still noted. A transesophageal echocardiogram revealed partial infolding of the stent-graft with increased velocity suggesting significant stenosis. Patient was then referred to another facility where he underwent a non-covered stent placement that also covered the origin of the left common carotid artery. Patient improved clinically and was discharged home. A follow up CTA a month and a half later revealed patent stent-graft with no infolding and no endoleak. The non-covered stents covered the left common carotid and left subclavian arteries but both showed flow within their lumen. The patient has continued to do well clinically. DISCUSSIONS: The diagnosis of aortic transection is generally based upon radiographic studies. Finding of mediastinal widening on plain chest radiographs has 90% sensitivity but is nonspecific. Chest CT is only suitable for hemodynamically stable patients. It does not yield detailed information on vascular anatomy and can miss small arterial tears. CT and cisplatin.
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Table 11. recommended first- and second-line haart regimens for adults and adolescents.
In millions of euro ; Income taxes paid . Interest paid . F.4.5. Inventories The gross value of inventories as of December 31, 2001 and 2000 comprise: December 31, 2001 2000 and cladribine.
22. Lascelles BD, Robertson SA. Use of thermal threshold response to evaluate the antinociceptive effects of butorphanol in cats. J Vet Res 2004; 65 8 ; : 10851089. 23. Lascelles BD, Robertson SA. Antinociceptive effects of hydromorphone, butorphanol, or the combination in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2004; 18 2 ; : 190195. 24. Egger CM, Glerum LE, Allen SW et al. Plasma fentanyl concentrations in awake cats and cats undergoing anesthesia and ovariohysterectomy using transdermal administration. Vet Anaesth Analg 2003; 30 4 ; : 229236. 25. Mlacnik E, Bockstahler BA, Muller M et al. Effects of caloric restriction and a moderate or intense physiotherapy program for treatment of lameness in overweight dogs with osteoarthritis. J Vet Med Assoc 2006; 229 11 ; : 17561760. 26. Impellizeri JA, Lau RE, Azzara I. Effect of weight reduction on clinical signs of lameness in dogs with hip osteoarthritis. J Vet Med Assoc 2000; 216: 10891091. National Institutes of Health. NIH Panel Issues Consensus Statement on Acupuncture 1997: acucouncil reports nih consensus . 28. McCarthy G, O'Donovan J, Jones B et al. Randomised double-blind, positive-controlled trial to assess the efficacy of glucosamine chondroitin sulfate for the treatment of dogs with osteoarthritis. Vet J 2006; Apr 27. 29. Hardie EM. Management of osteoarthritis in cats. Vet Clin North Small Anim Pract 1997; 27 4 ; : 945953. 30. Beale BS. Use of nutraceuticals and chondroprotectants in osteoarthritic dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Small Anim Pract 2004; 34 1 ; : 271289, viii. 31. Richy F, Bruyere O, Ethgen O et al. Structural and symptomatic efficacy of glucosamine and chondroitin in knee osteoarthritis: a comprehensive meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163 13 ; : 15141522. 32. Towheed TE. Published meta-analyses of pharmacological therapies for osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2002; 10 11 ; : 836837. 33. Wander RC, Hall JA, Gradin JL et al. Ratio of dietary n-6 ; to n-3 ; fatty acids influences immune system function, eicosanoid metabolism, lipid peroxidation, and vitamin E status in aged dogs. J Nutr 1997; 127: 11981205. Budsberg SC, Bartges JW. Nutrition and osteoarthritis in dogs--does it help? Vet Clin N America Small An Pract 2006; 36 6 ; : 13071323. 35. Neill KM, Caron JP, Orth MW. Role of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate in treatment for and prevention of osteoarthritis in animals. J Vet Med Assoc 2005; 226 7 ; : 10791088. 36. McNamara PS, Johnston SA, Todhunter RJ. Slow-acting, diseasemodifying osteoarthritic agents. Vet Clin North Small Anim Pract 1997; 27: 863867. Sevalla K, Todhunter RJ, Vernier-Singer M et al. Effect of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan metabolism in normal and osteoarthritic canine articular cartilage explants. Vet Surg 2000; 29: 407414.
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AGITATION DUE TO A PRIMARY PSYCHIATRIC DISTURBANCE. Based upon your initial assessment of the patient described in question 37, you decide to intervene by offering oral medication to treat the agitation. Assume that the patient is able and willing to take oral medication. Please rate the appropriateness of the following initial medication strategies depending on the provisional diagnosis. Assume you have no other information about the patient's history. 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVALS Third Line Second Line First Line No data Benzodiazepine BNZ ; alone BNZ + high-potency conventional antipsychotic AP ; BNZ + atypical AP High-potency conventional AP alone Risperidone alone Olanzapine alone Quetiapine alone BNZ + mid-potency conventional AP Loxapine alone Mid-potency conventional AP alone BNZ + low-potency conventional AP Low-potency conventional AP alone Schizophrenia BNZ + high-potency conventional AP BNZ + atypical AP Risperidone alone High-potency conventional AP alone Olanzapine alone BNZ alone Quetiapine alone Loxapine alone BNZ + mid-potency conventional AP Mid-potency conventional AP alone Low-potency conventional AP alone BNZ + low-potency conventional AP 1 2 ; 7.1 1.9 ; 6.7 2.2 ; 6.5 2.2 ; 6.0 2.2 ; 5.8 2.3 ; 4.8 2.4 ; 4.5 2.7 ; 4.4 2.6 ; 4.2 2.2 ; 3.3 2.2 ; 3.3 2.4 ; 24 25 21 ; 6.2 2.3 ; 6.0 2.3 ; 5.4 2.6 ; 5.4 2.5 ; 4.6 2.4 ; 3.9 2.3 ; 3.8 2.5 ; 3.7 2.6 ; 3.3 2.1 ; 2.8 2.2 ; 2.4 1.8 ; 39 16 13 Avg SD ; Chc Line Line Line and clofarabine.
Approximately 30% of the bacteria that reside in the human colon are members of the genus Bacteroides 17 ; . Bacteroides spp. are obligately anaerobic gram-negative rods that obtain carbon and energy by fermenting carbohydrates. Species such as Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron can ferment a variety of complex polysaccharides including the mucopolysaccharide chondroitin sulfate 21 ; . Chondroitin sulfate and other mucopolysaccharides are components of epithelial tissue, which is constantly being sloughed into the intestinal lumen, and may be a source of carbon and energy for B. thetaiotaomicron and other colon bacteria which can utilize it. The first step in the breakdown of chondroitin sulfate is the cleavage of the polysaccharide into unsaturated disaccharides by chondroitin lyase 20 ; . Two chondroitin lyases, chondroitin lyase I and chondroitin lyase II, have been isolated from B. thetaiotaomicron. These chondroitin lyases are so similar with respect to physical characteristics that it is not clear why the organism needs both enzymes 12 ; . Similar pairs of chondroitin lyases have also been isolated from the two other colonic Bacteroides species which can ferment chondroitin sulfate, B. ovatus and Bacteroides sp. strain 3452A 13 ; . To determine whether both chondroitin lyases are required for the utilization of chondroitin sulfate by B. thetaiotaomicron, we wanted to obtain a mutant that did not produce one of the chondroitin lyases. Attempts to isolate such mutants by using chemical mutagenesis were unsuccessful Salyers, unpublished results ; . Recently, we cloned the gene that codes for chondroitin lyase II 5 ; . This made it possible to use insertional mutagenesis to interrupt the chondroitin lyase II gene. First, however, we had to and chondroitin.
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Matthew R. Schenauer1, Yonghao Yu1, 2, Matthew D. Sweeney1, 3, Julie A. Leary1 Genome Center, Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Cell Biology1 University of California, Davis, CA, 95616 Departments of Chemistry2 and of Molecular and Cellular Biology3 University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720 Running title: CCR2 ligands interact selectively with HS octasaccharides Address correspondence to: JA Leary, Tel: 530 ; 754-4987, Fax: 530 ; 754-9658, Email: jaleary ucdavis Chemokines participate in welldocumented interactions with glycosaminoglycans GAGs ; . While many chemokine amino acid residues involved in binding have been identified, much less is known about the bound regions of GAG. Heparan sulfate HS ; is the predominant cell surface GAG, and its heterogeneous nature offers proteins a variety of structural motifs with which to interact. In the present study, we describe the interactions of three CC chemokines, MCP-1 CCL2, MCP-2 CCL8, and MCP-3 CCL7, with heparan sulfate HS ; derived oligosaccharides. To this end, we generated and characterized a complex HS octasaccharide library containing 17 different octasaccharide compositions based on acetyl and sulfate group content. Electrospray ionization ESI ; mass spectrometry MS ; was used to detect chemokine-HS octasaccharide complexes in the bound state, and an affinity purification protocol was used to select and identify chemokine-binding octasaccharides from the complex mixture. The results indicate that HS-octasaccharide sulfation is the foremost requirement for chemokine binding. However within octasaccharides of constant charge density, acetylation is also observed to augment binding, suggesting that there may be as yet undiscovered specificity in the chemokine-HS interaction. Chemokines are a large class of cytokines that direct leukocyte migration during various physiological processes including routine immune surveillance, development, and inflammation 1 ; . These proteins exert their various functions by binding to and signaling through G-protein coupled receptors GPCRs ; within the leukocyte plasma membrane. Prior to signal transduction, chemokines are retained near their site of production by a separate interaction with cellsurface and extracellular matrix ECM ; glycosaminoglycans GAGs ; . The interaction with GAGs is thought to maintain the required chemokine concentration gradient in the face of vascular flow and draining lymph nodes 2, 3 ; . Moreover, GAG-binding was recently shown to be essential for in vivo chemokine activity 4 ; . Furthermore, many chemokines are capable of forming oligomeric structures. This property also seems to be required for in vivo activity, and can be induced by GAG binding 4-7 ; . GAGs are complex, linear, anionic, polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units 8, 9 ; . GAGs are broadly classified into four families, based on sugar composition, glycosidic bond linkage, and presence of specific structural modifications. These four families are as follows: heparan sulfate HS ; heparin, chondroitin sulfate CS ; dermatan sulfate DS ; , keratan sulfate KS ; , and hyaluronan HA ; . Heparin and HS along with HA ; are the principle protein-binding GAGs 9 ; . Due to differences in localization of the heparinoids heparin and HS ; , HS is thought to be the more relevant protein binding GAG. Heparin is produced exclusively in mast cells, cleaved to 15 kDa fragments, and sequestered in intracellular granules. Alternatively, HS is expressed by virtually all cell types as the glycan module of heparan sulfate proteoglycans HSPGs ; 9, 10 ; . Depending on the protein core, HSPGs are either secreted or tethered to the plasma membrane, displaying their HS on the outer face 9, 11 ; . Both heparin and HS are synthesized as polymers of -D-N-acetylglucosamine -DGlcNAc ; 14 linked to -D-glucuronic acid D-GlcA ; . During synthesis, residues within the polymer can undergo several modification and clofibrate.
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