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Milton Wainwright and Sulamein Al Harbi. Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK, m.wainwright sheffield.ac The role of microorganisms in the transformations of silicon has been little studied and, as a result, is little understood; most of the studies having been directed towards the use of silicon by diatoms. The lack of interest in silicon microbiology obviously relates to the fact that there is no evidence that silicon can be oxidised and reduced; as a result, there is no silicon cycle that is comparable to, for example, the sulphur or nitrogen cycles. Similarly, there is little evidence that silicon can be used as an energy source by microorganisms However, as I hope to show in this lecture, microorganisms can influence the availability of silicon in soils, and stimulate the growth of both bacteria and fungi in vitro. My aim is to review the available literature on the microbiology of silicon and to show how silicon affects microorganisms in relation to microbial growth in the environment and microbial pathogenesis. s Compounds of silicon are very common, comprising around 28 % of the earth' crust. The element occurs in two forms: silica or the oxides of silicon, which exist in crystalline or amorphous forms as in quartz, flint, sandstone, opal and diatomaceous earths and silicates, of which clay is an example. Silicon, as silicic acid 0.1-0.6 mM ; occurs as one of the main constituents of soil solution and it can be regarded as a plant nutrient Epstein, 1994 ; . Although silicon is close to carbon in the Periodic Table, its chemistry is dominated by stable Si-O bonds, so direct replacement of silicon for carbon in normal biochemistry appears impossible A wide range of bacteria and fungi can solubilize insoluble silicates by producing mineral and organic acids, and chelating agents Henderson and Duff, 1965 ; . Most of these silicate solubilizers are common soil microorganisms, although a specialized silicon solubilizing bacterium, Bacillus mucilaginosus, has been described by Russian workers. Silicate-dissolving micro-organisms have been used to remove silicon from low-grade mineral raw materials, like bauxite, and to extract valuable metals from silicate and aluminosilicate ores and minerals Karavaiko et al., 1988 ; . It has long been known that silicon compounds can stimulate microbial growth; for example, Borrell et al. 1922 ; found that the addition of a small amount of K2Si03 augments the yield of cultures of Bacille tuberculeux. Price 1932 ; also showed that the growth rate of Amoeba proteus was greatly increased by the addition of sodium silicate. Similarly, Mast and Pace 1937 ; found that Chilomonas paramecium will not grow in inorganic solutions lacking silicon and also that silicon stimulated starch production, growth and respiration in this organism. Bacteria, such as Bacillus licheniformis, can also accumulate silicon from growth media Mohanty et al., 1990 ; . Much of the early work on the interaction between silicon and bacteria relates to studies on the lung diseases silicosis a form of pneumoconiosis ; and tuberculosis. In the past, silicosis was very common amongst industrial workers especially coal miners ; exposed to dust rich in crystalline silica, but not amorphous silica and silicates. Many silicosis sufferers died from tuberculosis which spread rapidly through the lungs and caused death in a relatively short time. Price 1932 ; showed that sodium silicate and silicic acid stimulates the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and that even small amounts of silicon compounds, notably the easily soluble forms, produced the stimulatory effect. More recently, Yoshino 1990 ; found that 100 g g silicon ml-1 has a remarkable stimulatory effect on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. He also showed that a high concentration of silicon present in the mucous membrane acts to enhance the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sufferers from chronic sinusitis apparently have a high concentration of silicon in their mucous membranes, a fact which led Yoshino to suggest that this stimulatory effect of silicon on bacteria exacerbates the condition.

The first shift of 0.05 pixels causes a tiny pimple to appear at the right edge; after another small shift the pimple has grown into a mole, and the left edge has become too flat. A designer who is asked to make a digital `O' that is 22 pixels wide will certainly have pixels in mind when making the design. Therefore it's not surprising that our program to generate a digital `O' should pay attention to actual pixel positions by rounding curve sidebar as in this example. We have distorted the infinite-resolution curve slightly so that it will digitize well, before digitizing it. A path z t ; will digitize well if the digitization process doesn't change it too much; thus, we want z t ; to essentially the same as round z t ; , at all the important places. But what places are "important"? Experience shows that the most critical points are those where the path travels horizontally or vertically, i.e., where it runs parallel to the raster lines. It's best to arrange things so that a curve becomes parallel to the raster lines just when it touches or nearly touches those lines; then it will appear to have the right curvature after digitization. The worst case occurs when a curve becomes parallel to the raster just when it's halfway between raster lines; then it gets a pimple or a flat spot. Diagonal slopes, where a curve has a 45 tangent angle, are also potential sources of unwanted pimples and flats. Similarly, at higher resolutions it is sometimes possible to detect small glitches when a curve travels with slopes of 1 2 Rational slopes m n where m and n are small integers turn out to be somewhat dangerous. But diagonals are of secondary importance; horizontal and vertical slopes lead to more severe problems. These considerations suggest a simple general principle for adapting the outlines of shapes to be digitized: If you know that the outline will have a vertical tangent at some point, round the x coordinate to an integer and leave the y coordinate unchanged. If you know that the outline will have a horizontal tangent at some point, round the y coordinate to an integer and leave the x coordinate unchanged. Incidentally, the horizontal tangent points in our ` ' examples were taken care of by the fact that `define corrected pixels' makes the overshoot parameter o nearly an integer, together with the fact that beginchar makes h an integer. If the y coordinates had not been rounded at the horizontal tangent points, our bad examples would have looked even worse. Before we go further into the study of rounding, we had better face up to a technicality that's sometimes important: We said that the pixels of a digitized region are those whose centers lie inside the undigitized region; but this rule is vague about what happens when the centers happen to fall precisely on the undigitized boundary. Similarly, when we said that round z t ; jumps from one point to an adjacent point, we ignored the fact that a curve such as z t ; t, actually jumps from 0, 0 ; to 1, ; when it is rounded as t passes 1 2; those points are not adjacent. skirts both of these problems in an interesting way: It shifts all of its paths to the right by an infinitesimal amount , and it also shifts them upward by an even smaller infinitesimal amount , so that no path actually touches a pixel center. Here and are positive numbers that are chosen to be so small that their actual values don't matter. For example, the path z t ; t, t ; becomes t + , t which jumps from 0, 0 ; to 1, 0 ; because it momentarily rounds to 1, 0 ; when t 1 2.

Sulfinpyrazone tablets as related to gout sulfinpyrazone - arthritis and arthritic conditions, medications, and gout and synagis. Production of purified alginates suitable Klock G, Frank H, Houben R, for use in immunoisolated Zekorn T, Horcher A, Siebers U, transplantation. Wohrle M, Federlin K, Zimmermann U. Review: There is no doubt that the prevalence of higher body mass indices is increasing, but now some researchers are arguing that the morbidity and mortality consequences have been exaggerated. Comment: It pays to have some understanding of the limitations of the evidence we feel backs up the advice we offer, and this article helps in this regard and synvisc. 33. Alfred North Whitehead, Religion in the Making, Lowell Institute Lectures New York: Macmillan, 1926 ; . 34. As quoted in Bernard Bergonzi, T.S. Eliot New York: Macmillan, 1972 ; , 162. 35. See `Theological Guidelines: Sources and Criteria, " The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church, 1988 Nashville: United Methodist Publishing House, 1988 ; , 80-89; see also the earlier formulation in The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church, 1972 Nashville: United Methodist Publishing House, 1972 ; , 75-79. The best study of this theological method is Donald A.D. Thorsen's The Wesleyan Quadrilateral: Scripture Tradition, Reason, and Experience as a Model of Evangelical Theology Grand Rapids: Francis Asbury Press, 1990 ; . 36. Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time New York: Bantam Books, 1988 ; . For the role of non rational elements in mathematics, believed by Hawking to be the highest form of rationality, see The Collected Works of Kurt Gdel, ed. Solomon Feferman et al. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986-date ; . Hawking does not represent New Light thinking for several reasons. First, he is an unrepentant modernist, an absolutist, and an advocate for the positivistic wing of s cience. Second, he despises mysticism or any movement of science into "meaning." Third, he is trying to prove or disprove God's existence, a rather arrogant pursuit in itself, solely by equation and evidence. 37. This is the analogy of Heinz R. Pagels who was executive director of the New York Academy of Sciences until his tragic death in a mountaineering accident. See his Perfect Symmetry: The Search for the Beginning of Time New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985 ; , 264. An excellent introduction to the phenomenon is Dennis Flanagan's chapter "Physics Seeks Its Holy Grail" in Flanagan's Version: A Spectator's Guide to Science on the Eve of the 21st Century New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988 ; , 30-61. For discussions of GUTs, see Perfect Symmetry, 267-84, and Mic hael Disney, The Hidden Universe New York: Macmillan, 1985 ; , 240-41. A dissenter to this attempt at unification is mathematician physicist astronomer biologist Freeman J. Dyson. His 1985 Gifford lectures, Infinite in All Directions New York: Harper and Row, 1988 ; , celebrate the diversity underlying the structure of the universe over the great unifying physical theories of Newton, Maxwell, Einstein or Hawking. 38. In two earlier publications I made tentative probings into this quadrilateral. See "Can a Mainstream Change Its Course?" in Liberal Protestantism: Realities and Possibilities ed. Robert S. Michaelson and Wade Clark Roof New York: Pilgrim Press, 1986 ; , 235-62; see also my `The Four Fundamentalisms of Oldline Protestantism, " Christian Century, 13 March 1985, 266-70. 39. Some reviewers have gone now to recommending certain books be read from back to front. See Robert Royal's comments about Robert J. Lifton and Eric Markusen's The Genocidal Mentality: Nazi Holocaust and Nuclear Threat New York: Basic Books, 1990 ; as found in First Things, January 1991, 55. 40. "I have taken as my patron saint St. Thomas of Didymus, who always insisted on an examination with his own hands, " are the words of Franois de Voltaire, the personifier and sulfinpyrazone.

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