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Tall and healthy ; . Panel B represents an ileal segment from a FFH animal showing fewer Goblet cells, villus core separation and presence of inflammatory cells black arrows ; . Panel C represents an ileal segment from a FFH animal that received semapimod 0.75 mg kg, i.p. ; and displays similar morphology as BF control. c. ; A representative blot with 3 animals group and densitometric analysis for RAGE protein 45 and 25 kDa bands ; performed as described. Results in graph bars are the mean S.E.M. n 9-24 animals for each group, * P 0.001 vs. BF control.
Parody is playful and seemingly naive rather than intellectual. In a graduate thesis on postmodern film aesthetics, Dag Asbjrnsen 1994 ; discusses naive perceptions and reactions. Referring to Umberto Eco's essay, "Innovation and Repetition: Between Modern and Post-modern Aesthetics" 1985 ; , Asbjrnsen identifies the aesthetics of negativity with modernist aesthetics: a normative aesthetics which applauds breaks with tradition. Consequently, the modernist aesthetic inspires iconoclastic innovation as a means of achieving new insights and understandings of the world around us Asbjrnsen 1994: 62 ; . Among other things, this aesthetic programme implies a break with empathy. Modernism encourages the receiver to penetrate the surface and grasp deeper structures in reality. The postmodern aesthetic may be understood as a new attitude which, alongside the rational, emphasizes sensuality and emotion Asbjrnsen 1994: 23 ; . One of the distancing techniques in postmodern aesthetics is irony, which, Asbjrnsen asserts, lets empathy and distanced awareness be combined. In line with Asbjrnsen, I interpret naivism as an important mode of expression in Direkte Lykke!. As I see it, `naivism' must be understood as a component of postmodern irony, but also as a limitation on the intellectual cynicism inherent in the ironic attitude. Naivism has been identified as the trend in young people's culture which has succeeded irony, the hallmark of `Generation X'. In March 1997, Puck, a young people's programme on Norwegian television NRK2 ; , carried a roundtable discussion on `naivism', which one participant characterized as irony in an exaggerated form. The discussion suggests that naivism may in fact be an expression of an ironic attitude toward a then-predominant ; distanced, ironic metalevel and elements of postmodern irony. Inasmuch as the naivist trend has been staged in the context of the marketplace and is therefore subject to the logic of the market, the participants in the Puck roundtable agreed on naivism as a more adequate term for the trend than `naivit. Current naivistic expressions may be taken as comments on or explorations of primordial naivit. Postmodern irony naivism One characteristic element in postmodern aesthetics is nostalgia. Asbjrnsen describes the "nostalgic style" in postmodern film.
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Previously demonstrated in the rodent model [69]. Hence, to the extent that CDP-DG production might be relevant to depression or the mechanism of antidepressant drug action, an antidepressive agent should not merely increase PI hydrolysis, but the CDP-DG produced must exceed and probably precede the production of PI messengers. It was noteworthy that even the SSRIs produced significant increases in each CDP-DG ratio, whereas the direct 5HT2 agonist -methylserotonin did not. If the biological actions of the SSRIs were limited to the actions of the.
Become obvious after the second injection of diazoxide. The higher dose of diazoxide usually produced hypotension within seconds of injection to a mean systemic pressure of approximately 60% to 70% of control value. The blood pressure gradually returned to normal over a one-hour period. Discussion and Conclusions Although no control animals were used specifically for these experiments, in previous experiments1' * n the large majority of the animals survived subarachnoid hemorrhage without permanent ill effects. Since the doses of diazoxide used in the experiments were previously found to be safe in intact animals, we infer that diazoxide must be peculiarly toxic to animals with severe cerebral vasospasm. We suspect that the hypotension induced by the higher intracarotid dose and the single intracisternal injection was the most important factor responsible for the poor survival of our animals. Fein and Boulos13 have found evidence of breakdown of cerebral autoregulation in some animals with severe vasospasm, 13 and if this occurs the additional decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure during the hypotensive state may well not be tolerated. The development of hemiparesis in two of our monkeys specifically during the hypotensive period strongly implicates hypotension as a factor responsible for the deterioration of the animals. The high pH of diazoxide 11.6 ; may account for some of its toxicity by the intracisternal route. We were unsuccessful in our attempts to lower the pH with a buffer volume sufficiently small for intracisternal injection without producing crystallization of the compound. The relief of spasm observed after subarachnoid injection of diazoxide in those dependent arterial segments about which the drug would be expected in higher concentrations suggests that topical diazoxide is effective in relieving vasospasm. This indeed had been our previous finding in an in vitro experiment designed to test the effect of several drugs applied topically to arterial segments after strong contractions were produced by serotonin, blood, and norepinephrine." The ineffectiveness of intra-arterial diazoxide may be related to its inability to cross the bloodcerebrospinal fluid barrier and interact with the vascular smooth muscle membranes at the "other side" of the barrier. We have documented a similar gradation of action of papaverine with intracisternal administration being more effective in reversing vasospasm other than intra-arterial injection. Although our results with diazoxide were consistent enough to discourage a broader, better controlled study with this drug, we feel that in view of the almost certain multifactorial etiology of vasospasm it is appropriate to continue to test in the laboratory agents that, like diazoxide, act at a locus in the contractile process distal to all the commonly implicated spasmogenic factors such as catecholamines, serotonin and prostaglandins.
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I. Rationale Transforaminal epidural injections instill medication along the affected nerve root and into the anterior epidural space at the site of inflammation. Lumbar spinal stenosis central, foraminal, or lateral ; and herniated nucleus pulposus can induce nerve root inflammation2. Nerve root inflammation causes radicular symptoms3, 4. Corticosteroid reduces morphologic and functional nerve root changes5, and lidocaine decreases nerve root inflammation6, while increasing intraradicular blood flow7. Therefore, a lumbar transforaminal epidural injection of corticosteroid relieves radicular symptoms. This serves as a means of possibly avoiding surgery because the natural history of lumbar radiculopathy is likely one of gradual resolution over a period of months to years8. Successful long-term outcome is reported at approximately 75%9. In a prospective trial comparing the outcomes of patients treated with transforaminal injections with those of patients treated with paraspinal injections of saline, of the 25 patients treated with transforaminal injections, 21 84% ; reported greater than 50% reduction of pain, compared with only 11 out of 23 patients 48% ; treated with paraspinal injections, at 12 months follow-up12. Indications Lower extremity radicular symptoms recalcitrant to conservative interventions including NSAIDS, oral corticosteroids, or exercises. With severe limitation of function, one could perform the injection prior to the initiation of more conservative options to facilitate those options. No role exists for a series of lumbar transforaminal selective epidural injections given without regard to the response of the initial or previous injection. A poor response precludes another epidural injection. A series should be limited to no more than four injections spaced approximately 7 - 14 days between injections within a six month period. Contraindications Absolute Bacterial infection: systemic or localized at injection site Bleeding diathesis: due to anticoagulants or hematological disease Relative Allergy to injectants; history of steroid psychosis Pregnancy NSAIDs, aspirin, or other antiplatelet agents e.g. Ticlid, Plavix, Coumadin, Trental, Pletal, Heparin, Lovenox, Innohep, Fragmin, Normiflo, Persantine, Aggrenox, Ginko Biloba, Orgaran, and Damaparoid ; Hyperglycemia, adrenal suppression, immune compromise, or congestive heart failure IV. Objective To instill anesthetic and corticosteroid along the affected nerve root and into the anterior epidural space. Materials A. Equipment and Supplies 1. Fluoroscopy necessary 2. 20-25 gauge spinal, or chiba needle Note that if the double needle technique is utilized, both a large gauge introducer needle 17G 20G ; and a smaller gauge inner injectant needle 22G 26G ; will be necessary ; 3. Medication and contrast syringes 4. Connection tubing optional ; 5. Physiologic monitor optional ; 6. Skin marker optional ; B. Medications Agents 1. Radiographic contrast medium e.g. Isovue 300 370 or Omnipaque ; 2. Local anesthetics or other agents optional ; Page 11 of 30.
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Medications or fluoxetine or received treatment with formal psychotherapy within 30 days of the study. Patients with clinically significant abnormal findings on laboratory tests, electrocardiograms, or physical examinations; those with abnormal vital signs; those with a history or presence of clinically important medical conditions including head trauma and seizure disorders and women of childbearing potential who were pregnant, breastfeeding, or not using a medically acceptable form of contraception were prohibited from participating and paromomycin
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A daily dose of papaverine 5– 10 mg per kg body weight ; was administered on a double-blind basis for two months to 42 successive child patients suffering from migraine or other vascular headache attacks not less than twice a month and pbz.
| Papaverine phentolamine alprostadilOr click the first letter of a drug name: a b c advanced search a to z drug list drugs by condition pill identifier drug interactions checker medical encyclopedia medical dictionary pharmaceutical news & articles community forums welcome guest register or sign in my viewing history my drug list my interactions lists member offers consumer drug information medfacts papaverine papaverine generic name: papaverine injection pa-pav-er-een ; brand name: generic only.
Electrocardiogram ECG ; failed to reveal signs of myocardial infarction; however, T-wave negativities were detected at DI and aVL Fig. 1a ; . The patient was operated electively. LIMA and left radial artery were harvested simultaneously. At the beginning of operation the patient was put on diltiazem 1 mg kg per min ; and nitroglycerine 0.3 0.5 mg kg per min ; , which were continued for 2 days. After extubation he was also started on oral diltiazem. The radial artery was checked by injecting a solution that included 60 mg papaverine and 5 mg verapamil in 250 cc isotonic solution. The artery was preserved in the same solution. CABG was performed in the usual manner. LIMA was anastomosed to the left anterior descending artery LAD ; , whereas radial artery and saphenous vein grafts were anastomosed to the second obtuse marginal branch of the circumflex artery and right coronary artery RCA ; , respectively. Continuous retrograde isothermic blood cardioplegia was used for myocardial preservation. The operation was completed uneventfully. No ischemic findings were present on ECG done at the end of the operation Fig. 1b ; . There were no ischemic changes on ECG at the 6th postoperative hour. Subsequently the patient was extubated. On postoperative day 7, he woke up with angina. ECG showed marked ST segment depression at V4 V6 Fig. 1c ; . His angina did not respond to medical therapy. Coronary angiography revealed severe spasm of the proximal part of the radial artery Fig. 2a ; . LIMA to LAD and saphenous vein graft SVG ; to right coronary artery RCA ; anastomoses were patent, whereas the LMCA was totally occluded. Verapamil 0.2 mg ; and nitroglycerine and pediatric.
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Erebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage may produce cerebral ischemia, causing neurological morbidity in 18% to 25% of patients with aneurysmal rupture. Vasospasm occurs predominately within large intracranial vessels, and typically begins after day 4 of subarachnoid hemorrhage with peak effect typically occurring 6 to 14 days after hemorrhage.1, 2 Cerebral infarction can be prevented by dilating vasospastic vessels, either with balloon angioplasty35 or by infusing a vasodilator drug intra-arterially. Commonly used intra-arterial agents include papaverine6 8 and verapamil.9 Although a potent arterial vasodilator, the use of papaverine is tempered by its ability to increase intracranial pressure, 10 and it has been reported to cause immediate neurological deterioration.6 We report a new concern over the use of intra-arterial papaverine. We report a consecutive series of 5 patients with angiographic vasospasm who experienced both sustained neurological deterioration and gray matter changes imaged on MRI within the vascular territory of the papaverine infusion. Histological analysis confirms selective gray matter damage to these brain regions and papaverine.
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